English Literature 2025

Phatic utterances are a culturally associated technique for establishing, starting, or concluding effective conversation. Phatic speech acts are crucial in 9-1-1: Lone Star because they support communication in the high-stakes, high-stress setting of the performance, preserve psychological balance, and improve team togetherness. The objectives to be achieved in this research are: (1) to describe the types of phatic utterances found in the television series entitled 9-1-1: Lone Star, and (2) to analyze the functions of phatic utterances found in the television series entitled 9-1-1: Lone Star. The data on phatic speech acts were taken from the conversations of the characters of 9-1-1: Lone Star by employing a qualitative descriptive method. The observation technique was utilized to collect the data. The study examines how these utterances facilitate social connection and emotional support in high-stress situations, drawing on Kreidler’s and Jumanto’s frameworks. The findings of the research are the 3 types of phatic speech acts, consisting of (1) Comforting, (2) Encouraging, and (3) Social Bonding. The functions of phatic speech acts are: (1) Breaking the Silence, (2) Starting a Conversation, (3) Making Small Talk, (4) Keeping Talking, (5) Expressing Solidarity, (6) Creating Harmony, (7) Creating Comfort, (8) Expressing Empathy, (9) Expressing Friendship, (10) Expressing Respect, and (11) Expressing Politeness. The predominant phatic speech act is social bonding, which includes humor, teasing, and casual remarks. In high-pressure job environments, social bonding helps to foster interpersonal relationships, reduce stress, and increase trust. On the contrary, the encouraging type is less frequent and typically appears as brief motivational remarks which are often expressed through teamwork than direct speech. Creating Harmony is the most often used function since it promotes composure and cooperation under pressure. Expressing Solidarity, Friendship, and Respect are the least prevalent since they are frequently demonstrated by actions rather than words in hectic, emergency situations. Phatic speech acts in this study identified 3 types and 11 functions, highlighting their role in maintaining relationships, expressing emotions, and supporting social interaction. The findings show that phatic speech acts foster empathy, connection, and respect, making them essential for effective and polite communication in daily life.

Oppression is a form of imbalance of power where the dominance of a group is subordinated by limiting access such as economic, social and cultural. This act of oppression occurs in the movie “Alice in Wonderland” (2010). The research discussed two main problems, that is, the Red Queen’s characteristics of oppression and the effects of the Red Queen’s oppression toward other characters in the film. The data source of this research is a movie entitled “Alice in Wonderland”. The data are in the form of movie scripts and some images taken from the movie that describe the topic of the research. The data are analyzed by using Karl Marx’s idea of Marxism. The act of oppression met the goal of adopting Karl Marx’s theory. The research is qualitative, and the document analysis is the technique of collecting the data in this research. The findings of this research are classifying the Red Queen’s characteristics of oppression and looking at the effects of the Red Queen’s oppression. The characteristics of oppression are divided into two categories, that is, cruelty and fear of losing power. The cruelty conducted by the Red Queen, that is, psychological cruelty and physical cruelty. Moreover the effects of the Red Queen’s oppression are limited to suppressing individual expression and instilling fear and anxiety. Besides, the characterization of the Red Queen of being a main character, flat and an oppressor, and other characters involved is revealed. The benefit of this research is to learn about oppression. According to Karl Marx’s theory, the Red Queen character’s behaviors and attitudes have an impact on society by demonstrating how an imbalance in class ideals between parties leads to violence. Besides, this research can serve as one of the resources used by the education sector to encourage research and raise public awareness of the root causes of oppression.

This research was to 1) To describe the types of metaphors in the song lyrics in the album entitled “Don Moen Open Worship”, 2) To analyze techniques used in the English-Indonesian metaphor translation of the song lyrics in the “Don Moen Open Worship album”. The data collection technique of this descriptive qualitative research was document analysis. The data analysis technique was ethnographic (Spradley, 2007), which was conducted by differentiating the data and non-data, taxonomizing them, analyzing their components, and analyzing their cultural themes. The results showed that all types of metaphors were found in the song lyrics, namely structural, orientational, and ontological. The most dominant type was structural because there were many metaphors whose meaning structures of the source domain were richer than the target domain. There were also various translation techniques of metaphor translation, namely established equivalent, explicitation, deletion, reduction, generalization, discursive creation, paraphrase, modulation, particularization, addition, implicitation, transposition, discursive creation + explicitation, and addition + particularization. The dominant type of metaphor translation technique was established equivalent. This was because most of the equivalents of metaphor translation were found in dictionaries and language use.

The research discusses women’s leadership within feminism through the three-dimensional framework of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method that analyzes utterances in dialogues or monologues, and movie scenes related to women leadership. From the analysis by using the textual practice, it is concluded that the two characters of female leaders, Cruella and Baroness both have leadership traits that are reflected in their dialogue. The dialogue is categorized into types of sentences, namely descriptive, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative sentences, along with the use of pronouns and modality. The discursive practice influences the production process so it affects the text production and characterization of the characters in their positions as leaders. In addition, sociocultural practice shows how women leadership in the movie is influenced by real social phenomena related to women in the work field at that time and shows how women take masculine behavior to suit the work environment, like confidence, ambition, and competitiveness. Furthermore, by highlighting the assertive leadership traits of these characters, this movie provides a nuance of opposing the patriarchal system, thus showing how women are able to become leaders and succeed in breaking down societal norms.